Excerpts — Cutting-Edge Cycling

Cardiac output is simply heart rate multiplied by stroke volume; the latter is the volume of blood pumped with each heart beat.

Because overtraining affects the physical responses to training and adaptation, the body must also contend with a wide array of psychosocial stressors, from sports-related (team dynamics, coaches) and environmental (frequent travel, altitude) challenges to personal (relationship, work, financial) issues.

The first and most obvious weight-bearing exercise is running.